By: Nina Weng
“Roma and Sinti: A Portable History” is a mini podcast series that I created in the summer of 2023. I began working on it as a challenge that I made for myself to present research without writing a paper. To my surprise, making a podcast as a one-person team was arduous work. That said, why work on this project at all?
As people with a voice, it is our obligation to not only be informed but also inform others of historical and ongoing persecution. While many Jewish Holocaust survivors have bravely shared their stories, the world still knows extraordinarily little of the Roma and Sinti, both as peoples and victims of the Third Reich.
The Roma and Sinti are commonly known as the “forgotten victims of the Holocaust.” They are seldom recognized as victims of the Third Reich in public history. Despite being as equally racially persecuted as the Jewish people, their stories are largely uncovered by regular history courses, the media, and even popular culture.
This is because of their historical and ongoing persecution by powerful institutions. These include the modern nation-states of Europe and their leaders. Any postwar compensation or recognition of their victimhood is virtually non-existent, and crimes against the Roma and Sinti are still happening to this day.
Why do we, as a society, pick and choose which victims of the Holocaust we commemorate? Why do we focus on certain narratives more than others? How come, despite promises of “never again”, far-right movements have only gained more traction since the Second World War?
To explore these topics and more, begin by hitting “play” on “Episode One: Pre-1939 Persecution.”
Works Consulted
Albert, G., & Szilvasi, M. (2017). Intersectional Discrimination of Romani Women Forcibly Sterilized in the Former Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic. Health and Human Rights, 19(2), 23–34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5739354/.
Amnesty International. (2010, April). Stop Forced Evictions: Protect Roma and Travellers’ Housing Rights in Europe. https://www.amnesty.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/AIstopforcedevictions.pdf.
Amnesty International. (2021, July 22). Czech Republic: Hard won justice for women survivors of unlawful sterilization. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/07/czech-republic-hard-won-justice-for-women-survivors-of-unlawful-sterilization/.
Asokan, S. (2021, May 26). “Italy’s Roma forced eviction crisis demands EU action.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/5/26/italys-roma-forced-eviction-crisis-demands-eu-action.
Constantine, S. (2020). Sinti and Roma in Germany (1871-1933): Gypsy Policy in the Second Empire and Weimar Republic. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351185516.
Cosma, I. (2015). How Much Is a Gypsy Life worth? The Roma Holocaust in Romania: Past and Present. Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Orală, (14), 19-29. Retrieved from https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=509334.
Welle, D. (2021, September 24). Roma, Sinti report exposes discrimination, political inertia. ERGO Network. https://www.dw.com/en/roma-sinti-report-exposes-discrimination-political-inertia/a-63902945
European Parliament. (2022, May 10). Ending poverty and discrimination faced by Roma people. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220930IPR41930/ending-poverty-and-discrimination-faced-by-roma-people.
European Roma Rights Centre. (1997, November 7). Report reveals that Romani women were sterilised against their will in Sweden. http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/report-reveals-that-romani-women-were-sterilised-against-their-will-in-sweden.
European Roma Rights Centre. (2021, November 12). Hungary: Forced evictions of Roma mark the end of the COVID-19 moratorium. http://www.errc.org/news/hungary-forced-evictions-of-roma-mark-the-end-of-the-covid-19-moratorium.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2022, October 25). 80% of Roma live in poverty. https://fra.europa.eu/sv/news/2022/80-roma-live-poverty#:~:text=80%25%20of%20Roma%20interviewed%20remain,%25%2C%20no%20change%20from%20before.
Fundación Secretariado Gitano. (n.d.). Roma poverty and exclusion. https://www.gitanos.org/la_comunidad_gitana/roma_community_europe_poverty.html.en.
Galpin, M. (2017). A Cycle of Persecution: Romani Culture and the Baro Porajmos. In B. Karwowska and A. Nowak (Eds.), The More I Know the Less I Understand. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
Gibbs, C. (2020). Unforgetting: The Roma and Sinti Holocaust. Literary Representations of the Holocaust. https://blogs.ubc.ca/holocaustliterature/research-papers/charlotte-gibbs-unforgetting-the-roma-and-sinti-holocaust/.
Guy, W. (2020). The Importance of Employment in Roma Social Integration: Looking Back at the Early Years of the Decade of Roma Inclusion. Slovenský národopis, 68(4), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.2478/se-2020-0018.
Halioua, B., & Marmor, M. F. (2020). The Eyes of the Angel of Death: Ophthalmic Experiments of Josef Mengele. History of Ophthalmology, 65(6), 744-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.04.007.
Hancock, I. (2016). Gypsy History in Germany and Neighboring Lands: A Chronology Leading to the Holocaust and Beyond. In D. M. Crowe, J. Kolsti, & I. Hancock (Eds.), The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (pp. 11-30). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315490250.
Hungary Today. (2023, March 28). Employment Figures Among the Romani Population Show Mixed Results. https://hungarytoday.hu/employment-figures-among-the-romani-population-show-mixed-results/#:~:text=The%20unemployment%20rate%20for%20Roma,20%20per%20cent%20in%202021.
Hutt, D. (2021, February 8). The shameful story of Roma women’s forced sterilisation in central Europe. Euro News. https://www.euronews.com/2021/08/02/the-shameful-story-of-roma-women-s-forced-sterilisation-in-central-europe.
Huttenbach, H. R. (2016). The Romani Porajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Gypsies in Germany and Eastern Europe. In D. M. Crowe, J. Kolsti, & I. Hancock (Eds.), The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (pp. 31-49). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315490250.
Ijjasz-Vasquez, E. (2017, April 14). Why we need to talk about Roma inclusion. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/europeandcentralasia/why-we-need-talk-about-roma-inclusion.
Joskowicz, A. (2016). Separate Suffering, Shared Archives: Jewish and Romani Histories of Nazi Persecution. History and Memory, 28(1), 110-140. https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.28.1.110.
Kapralski, S. (1997). Identity Building and the Holocaust: Roma Political Nationalism. Nationalities Papers, 25(2), 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905999708408503.
Kapralski, S. (2011). The Influence of Extermination on Contemporary Roma Identity. In S. Kapralski, M. Martyniak, & J. Talewicz-Kwiatkowska (Eds.), Voices of Memory 7: Roma in Auschwitz. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
Kapralski, S. (2015). The Genocide of Roma and Sinti: Their Political Movement from the Perspective of Social Trauma Theory. In N. Kinsky-Müngersdorff (Eds.), S:I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation., 2(1), 39-47. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=836350.
Kelso, M. & Eglitis, D. (2014). Holocaust commemoration in Romania: Roma and the contested politics of memory and memorialization. Journal of Genocide Research, 16(4), 487-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.975949.
Koslerova, A. & Ustohalová, J. (2021, March 9). ‘An Attempt at Genocide’: Roma Women Still Being Unlawfully Sterilised. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3g73k/czech-republic-roma-women-unlawful-sterilisation.
Kyuchukov, H., Hancock, I., and New, W. (2020). Formal and informal teaching of Porajmos – the Roma and Sinti ‘Holocaust’. Intercultural Education, 31(6), 677-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2020.1766206.
Lewy, G. (1999). Gypsies and Jews Under the Nazis. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 13(3), 383-404. https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/13.3.383.
Lewy, G. (1999). Himmler and the “Racially Pure Gypsies.” Journal of Contemporary History, 34(2), 201–214. http://www.jstor.org/stable/261215.
Margalit, G., & Matras, Y. (2007). Gypsies in Germany—German Gypsies? Identity and Politics of Sinti and Roma in Germany. In The Roma: a Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives. Central European University Press. Retrieved from http://books.openedition.org/ceup/1417.
Martín Sevillano, A.B. (2020). The Romani Ethos: A Transnational Approach to Romani Literature. Critical Romani Studies, 3(2), 24-40. https://doi.org/10.29098/crs.v3i2.84.
Martin, Rachel. (2008). Don’t Say ‘Gypsy’ on International Roma Day. [Radio broadcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89457798.
Milton, S. H. (1991). Gypsies and the Holocaust. The History Teacher, 24(4), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.2307/494697.
Milton, S. H. (2000). Sinti and Roma in Twentieth-Century Austria and Germany. German Studies Review, 23(2), 317-331. https://doi.org/10.2307/1432677.
Müller-Hill, B. (1987). Genetics after Auschwitz. Holocaust and Genetics Studies, 2, 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/2.1.3.
Raj, P. (2019). Recognizing Language Revival and Preservation: A Comparative Study on Romani and Irish as Endangered Languages. Sparkling International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Studies, 2(4), 9-26. https://www.johnfoundation.com/journals/sparkling/sijmrsv2i4-2019/s-22/.
Rorke, B. (2023, June 15). Roma facing environmental racism in a time of climate catastrophe. European Roma Rights Centre. http://www.errc.org/news/roma-facing-environmental-racism-in-a-time-of-climate-catastrophe.
Rosenhaft, E. (2011). Blacks and Gypsies in Nazi Germany: the Limits of the ‘Racial State’. History Workshop Journal, 72, 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbr023.
Safdar, A. (2017, February 7). “Thousands of Roma made homeless in France in 2016.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/2/7/thousands-of-roma-made-homeless-in-france-in-2016.
Safdar, A. (2017, March 1). Government failing to educate, integrate Roma children. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/3/1/government-failing-to-educate-integrate-roma-children.
Sampson, A. (2000, April 8). Europe’s nomads… but not by choice. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/08/immigration.uk.
Schneeweis, A., & Foss, K. A. (2017). “Gypsies, Tramps & Thieves”: Examining Representations of Roma Culture in 70 Years of American Television. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(4), 1146–1171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016682723.
Selander, M. & Walter, E. (2020). Lack of Educational Opportunities for the Roma People in Eastern Europe. Ballard Brief. https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/lack-of-educational-opportunities-for-the-roma-people-in-eastern-europe.
Selling, J. (2017). The Obscured Story of the International Criminal Police Commission, Harry Söderman, and the Forgotten Context of Antiziganism. Scandinavian Journal of History, 42(3), 329–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2017.1322788.
Setkiewicz, P. (2021). The Role of Auschwitz in the Holocaust. In B. Karwowska, J. Lachendro, & P. Setkiewicz (Eds.), Auschwitz History, Place, and People. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
Strasbourg. (2019, October 17). Council of Europe. Extreme poverty afflicts many of the 10-12 million Roma in Europe. Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/roma-and-travellers/-/extreme-poverty-afflicts-many-of-the-10-12-million-roma-in-europe.
Strickland, P. (2017, May 10). Life in Slovakia’s Roma slums: Poverty and segregation. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/5/10/life-in-slovakias-roma-slums-poverty-and-segregation.
Strzelecka, I. (2019). Voices of Memory 2: Medical Crimes The Experiments in Auschwitz (W. Brand, Trans.). Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. [Kindle eBook]
Taylor, B. & Hinks, J. (2021). What field? Where? Bringing Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller History into View. Cultural and Social History, 18(5), 629-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780038.2021.1960552.
Trubeta, S. (2003). Gypsiness, Racial Discourse and Persecution: Balkan Roma during the Second World War. Nationalities Papers, 31(4), 495-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/0090599032000115529.
University of California Television. (2014, July 16). Porrajmos: The Romani and the Holocaust with Ian Hancock – Holocaust Living History. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAEJb-p6SOE.
Vitale, T. (2019, April 7). Why are Roma people being attacked in France? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-are-roma-people-being-attacked-in-france-115030.
von dem Knesebeck, J. (2011). Roma Struggle for Compensation in Post-War Germany. University of Hertfordshire Press. Retrieved from http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/30668.
Weindling, P. (2015). Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments: Science and Suffering in the Holocaust. Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474211185.ch-013.
Wontor-Cichy, T. (2021). Medical Experiments in Auschwitz. In B. Karwowska, J. Lachendro, & P. Setkiewicz (Eds.), Auschwitz History, Place, and People. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
Woolford, A. & Wolejszo, S. (2006). Collecting on Moral Debts: Reparations for the Holocaust and Pořajmos. Law & Society Review, 40(4), 871-902. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2006.00284.x.
Albert, G., & Szilvasi, M. (2017). Intersectional Discrimination of Romani Women Forcibly Sterilized in the Former Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic. Health and Human Rights, 19(2), 23–34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5739354/.
Amnesty International. (2010, April). Stop Forced Evictions: Protect Roma and Travellers’ Housing Rights in Europe. https://www.amnesty.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/AIstopforcedevictions.pdf.
Amnesty International. (2021, July 22). Czech Republic: Hard won justice for women survivors of unlawful sterilization. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/07/czech-republic-hard-won-justice-for-women-survivors-of-unlawful-sterilization/.
Asokan, S. (2021, May 26). “Italy’s Roma forced eviction crisis demands EU action.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/5/26/italys-roma-forced-eviction-crisis-demands-eu-action.
Constantine, S. (2020). Sinti and Roma in Germany (1871-1933): Gypsy Policy in the Second Empire and Weimar Republic. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351185516.
Cosma, I. (2015). How Much Is a Gypsy Life worth? The Roma Holocaust in Romania: Past and Present. Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Orală, (14), 19-29. Retrieved from https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=509334.
Welle, D. (2021, September 24). Roma, Sinti report exposes discrimination, political inertia. ERGO Network. https://www.dw.com/en/roma-sinti-report-exposes-discrimination-political-inertia/a-63902945
European Parliament. (2022, May 10). Ending poverty and discrimination faced by Roma people. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220930IPR41930/ending-poverty-and-discrimination-faced-by-roma-people.
European Roma Rights Centre. (1997, November 7). Report reveals that Romani women were sterilised against their will in Sweden. http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/report-reveals-that-romani-women-were-sterilised-against-their-will-in-sweden.
European Roma Rights Centre. (2021, November 12). Hungary: Forced evictions of Roma mark the end of the COVID-19 moratorium. http://www.errc.org/news/hungary-forced-evictions-of-roma-mark-the-end-of-the-covid-19-moratorium.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2022, October 25). 80% of Roma live in poverty. https://fra.europa.eu/sv/news/2022/80-roma-live-poverty#:~:text=80%25%20of%20Roma%20interviewed%20remain,%25%2C%20no%20change%20from%20before.
Fundación Secretariado Gitano. (n.d.). Roma poverty and exclusion. https://www.gitanos.org/la_comunidad_gitana/roma_community_europe_poverty.html.en.
Galpin, M. (2017). A Cycle of Persecution: Romani Culture and the Baro Porajmos. In B. Karwowska and A. Nowak (Eds.), The More I Know the Less I Understand. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
Gibbs, C. (2020). Unforgetting: The Roma and Sinti Holocaust. Literary Representations of the Holocaust. https://blogs.ubc.ca/holocaustliterature/research-papers/charlotte-gibbs-unforgetting-the-roma-and-sinti-holocaust/.
Guy, W. (2020). The Importance of Employment in Roma Social Integration: Looking Back at the Early Years of the Decade of Roma Inclusion. Slovenský národopis, 68(4), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.2478/se-2020-0018.
Halioua, B., & Marmor, M. F. (2020). The Eyes of the Angel of Death: Ophthalmic Experiments of Josef Mengele. History of Ophthalmology, 65(6), 744-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.04.007.
Hancock, I. (2016). Gypsy History in Germany and Neighboring Lands: A Chronology Leading to the Holocaust and Beyond. In D. M. Crowe, J. Kolsti, & I. Hancock (Eds.), The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (pp. 11-30). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315490250.
Hungary Today. (2023, March 28). Employment Figures Among the Romani Population Show Mixed Results. https://hungarytoday.hu/employment-figures-among-the-romani-population-show-mixed-results/#:~:text=The%20unemployment%20rate%20for%20Roma,20%20per%20cent%20in%202021.
Hutt, D. (2021, February 8). The shameful story of Roma women’s forced sterilisation in central Europe. Euro News. https://www.euronews.com/2021/08/02/the-shameful-story-of-roma-women-s-forced-sterilisation-in-central-europe.
Huttenbach, H. R. (2016). The Romani Porajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Gypsies in Germany and Eastern Europe. In D. M. Crowe, J. Kolsti, & I. Hancock (Eds.), The Gypsies of Eastern Europe (pp. 31-49). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315490250.
Ijjasz-Vasquez, E. (2017, April 14). Why we need to talk about Roma inclusion. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/europeandcentralasia/why-we-need-talk-about-roma-inclusion.
Joskowicz, A. (2016). Separate Suffering, Shared Archives: Jewish and Romani Histories of Nazi Persecution. History and Memory, 28(1), 110-140. https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.28.1.110.
Kapralski, S. (1997). Identity Building and the Holocaust: Roma Political Nationalism. Nationalities Papers, 25(2), 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905999708408503.
Kapralski, S. (2011). The Influence of Extermination on Contemporary Roma Identity. In S. Kapralski, M. Martyniak, & J. Talewicz-Kwiatkowska (Eds.), Voices of Memory 7: Roma in Auschwitz. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
Kapralski, S. (2015). The Genocide of Roma and Sinti: Their Political Movement from the Perspective of Social Trauma Theory. In N. Kinsky-Müngersdorff (Eds.), S:I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation., 2(1), 39-47. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=836350.
Kelso, M. & Eglitis, D. (2014). Holocaust commemoration in Romania: Roma and the contested politics of memory and memorialization. Journal of Genocide Research, 16(4), 487-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.975949.
Koslerova, A. & Ustohalová, J. (2021, March 9). ‘An Attempt at Genocide’: Roma Women Still Being Unlawfully Sterilised. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3g73k/czech-republic-roma-women-unlawful-sterilisation.
Kyuchukov, H., Hancock, I., and New, W. (2020). Formal and informal teaching of Porajmos – the Roma and Sinti ‘Holocaust’. Intercultural Education, 31(6), 677-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2020.1766206.
Lewy, G. (1999). Gypsies and Jews Under the Nazis. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 13(3), 383-404. https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/13.3.383.
Lewy, G. (1999). Himmler and the “Racially Pure Gypsies.” Journal of Contemporary History, 34(2), 201–214. http://www.jstor.org/stable/261215.
Margalit, G., & Matras, Y. (2007). Gypsies in Germany—German Gypsies? Identity and Politics of Sinti and Roma in Germany. In The Roma: a Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives. Central European University Press. Retrieved from http://books.openedition.org/ceup/1417.
Martín Sevillano, A.B. (2020). The Romani Ethos: A Transnational Approach to Romani Literature. Critical Romani Studies, 3(2), 24-40. https://doi.org/10.29098/crs.v3i2.84.
Martin, Rachel. (2008). Don’t Say ‘Gypsy’ on International Roma Day. [Radio broadcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89457798.
Milton, S. H. (1991). Gypsies and the Holocaust. The History Teacher, 24(4), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.2307/494697.
Milton, S. H. (2000). Sinti and Roma in Twentieth-Century Austria and Germany. German Studies Review, 23(2), 317-331. https://doi.org/10.2307/1432677.
Müller-Hill, B. (1987). Genetics after Auschwitz. Holocaust and Genetics Studies, 2, 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/2.1.3.
Raj, P. (2019). Recognizing Language Revival and Preservation: A Comparative Study on Romani and Irish as Endangered Languages. Sparkling International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Studies, 2(4), 9-26. https://www.johnfoundation.com/journals/sparkling/sijmrsv2i4-2019/s-22/.
Rorke, B. (2023, June 15). Roma facing environmental racism in a time of climate catastrophe. European Roma Rights Centre. http://www.errc.org/news/roma-facing-environmental-racism-in-a-time-of-climate-catastrophe.
Rosenhaft, E. (2011). Blacks and Gypsies in Nazi Germany: the Limits of the ‘Racial State’. History Workshop Journal, 72, 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbr023.
Safdar, A. (2017, February 7). “Thousands of Roma made homeless in France in 2016.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/2/7/thousands-of-roma-made-homeless-in-france-in-2016.
Safdar, A. (2017, March 1). Government failing to educate, integrate Roma children. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/3/1/government-failing-to-educate-integrate-roma-children.
Sampson, A. (2000, April 8). Europe’s nomads… but not by choice. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/08/immigration.uk.
Schneeweis, A., & Foss, K. A. (2017). “Gypsies, Tramps & Thieves”: Examining Representations of Roma Culture in 70 Years of American Television. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(4), 1146–1171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016682723.
Selander, M. & Walter, E. (2020). Lack of Educational Opportunities for the Roma People in Eastern Europe. Ballard Brief. https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/lack-of-educational-opportunities-for-the-roma-people-in-eastern-europe.
Selling, J. (2017). The Obscured Story of the International Criminal Police Commission, Harry Söderman, and the Forgotten Context of Antiziganism. Scandinavian Journal of History, 42(3), 329–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2017.1322788.
Setkiewicz, P. (2021). The Role of Auschwitz in the Holocaust. In B. Karwowska, J. Lachendro, & P. Setkiewicz (Eds.), Auschwitz History, Place, and People. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
Strasbourg. (2019, October 17). Council of Europe. Extreme poverty afflicts many of the 10-12 million Roma in Europe. Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/roma-and-travellers/-/extreme-poverty-afflicts-many-of-the-10-12-million-roma-in-europe.
Strickland, P. (2017, May 10). Life in Slovakia’s Roma slums: Poverty and segregation. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/5/10/life-in-slovakias-roma-slums-poverty-and-segregation.
Strzelecka, I. (2019). Voices of Memory 2: Medical Crimes The Experiments in Auschwitz (W. Brand, Trans.). Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. [Kindle eBook]
Taylor, B. & Hinks, J. (2021). What field? Where? Bringing Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller History into View. Cultural and Social History, 18(5), 629-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780038.2021.1960552.
Trubeta, S. (2003). Gypsiness, Racial Discourse and Persecution: Balkan Roma during the Second World War. Nationalities Papers, 31(4), 495-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/0090599032000115529.
University of California Television. (2014, July 16). Porrajmos: The Romani and the Holocaust with Ian Hancock – Holocaust Living History. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAEJb-p6SOE.
Vitale, T. (2019, April 7). Why are Roma people being attacked in France? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-are-roma-people-being-attacked-in-france-115030.
von dem Knesebeck, J. (2011). Roma Struggle for Compensation in Post-War Germany. University of Hertfordshire Press. Retrieved from http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/30668.
Weindling, P. (2015). Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments: Science and Suffering in the Holocaust. Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474211185.ch-013.
Wontor-Cichy, T. (2021). Medical Experiments in Auschwitz. In B. Karwowska, J. Lachendro, & P. Setkiewicz (Eds.), Auschwitz History, Place, and People. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
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